Investigating the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on SOC storage and cumulative CO2 emissions in forest soils across altitudinal gradients using the century model

Climate  change and grazing impact soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, increasing with  altitude due to cooler temperatures and higher precipitation. Grazing  decreased SOC, while manure and liming partially mitigated losses. Because  climate change projected SOC losses, particularly at higher elevations,  effective forest management is essential to reduce CO₂ emissions.