Accurate assessment of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is critical for understanding the global carbon cycle. In 2022, fossil CO2 emissions were 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1, land-use change emissions were 1.2±0.7 Gt C yr−1, and total emissions were 11.1±0.8 Gt C yr−1. Atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Significant uncertainties persist, particularly in land-use change emissions.
